CTVS

Vascular ring

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Q) Which is a true vascular ring?

a) Pulmonary artery sling

b) Double aortic arch

c) Cervical aortic arch

d) Origin of subclavian artery from descending aorta

30 ) b 

b) Double aortic arch

  • Double aortic arch is a classic example of a true vascular ring. It forms a complete ring around the trachea and esophagus, leading to compressive symptoms such as stridor, wheezing, or feeding difficulties.

  • Pulmonary artery sling is not a vascular ring. It is a congenital anomaly where the left pulmonary artery arises from the right pulmonary artery and passes between the trachea and esophagus but does not form a complete ring.

  • Cervical aortic arch is a rare anomaly and does not form a true vascular ring.

  • Aberrant origin of subclavian artery (e.g., aberrant right subclavian artery from the descending aorta) is considered a partial ring and usually causes less significant symptoms compared to true vascular rings.

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Q) ASD most commonly associated with mitral insufficiency
a) Secundum defect
b) Sinus Venosus defect
c) Ostium primum
d) Coronary sinus defect

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Physiology of TOF

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Q . Which of the following has the greatest impact  on the physiology of tetralogy of Fallot?
A. The size of the ASD.
B. The size of the VSD.
C. The degree of pulmonary stenosis.
D. The amount of aortic overriding

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Ventricular Septal defect

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Q. Which of the following statements about VSDs is wrong ?

A. Spontaneous closure occurs in 25-50%  of patients during  childhood.
B. Tachypnea and failure to thrive are symptoms frequently associated with  large VSDs.
C. Patients with normal pulmonary vascular resistance and left-to-right  shunting across the VSD have Eisenmenger’s complex.
D. Patients with a large VSD and low pulmonary vascular resistance can  present with a mid diastolic murmur at the apex.

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