Q Which of the following statement about hepatic adenoma is CORRECT?
a) It is more common in males
b) Ct shows a central stellate scar
c) Associated with cirrhotic liver
d) Risk of rupture and fatal hemorrhage is present
Giving a clinical scenario of Hepatic Adenoma
A 37 year old lady presents with right upper quadrant pain and nausea. She is otherwise well and her only medical therapy is the oral contraceptive pill which she has taken for many years with no ill effects. Her liver function tests and serum alpha feto protein are normal. An ultrasound examination demonstrates a 4cm non encapsulated lesion in the right lobe of the liver which has a mixed echogenicity and heterogeneous texture.
Q) 15 year old boy, with Spontaneous pneumothorax. He is dyspneic with increased RR
Next best step
a) Vats and pleurodesis
b) Needle aspiration
c) Tube thoracostomy
d) Any of the above
Ans c
Primary spontaneous pneumothorax occurs in young patients without significant lung disease, whereas secondary spontaneous pneumothorax occurs in patients with COPD.
The most common cause of primary spontaneous pneumothorax is rupture of small apical blebs. Tube thoracostomy with water seal drainage is the usual first-line treatment of a moderate-to-large pneumothorax in a patient with a first-time occurrence.
Butyrate For the fermentable complex carbohydrates available, colonic flora produce short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs).
Butyrate, an SCFA, is the principal source of nutrition for the colonocyte.
Mammalian cells do not produce butyrate, the colonic epithelium and luminal bacteria form an essential and elegant symbiotic relationship.
Antibiotics disrupt this cohabitation—decreased bacteria leads to less butyrate, which, in turn, negatively affects colonocyte function leading to diarrhea.
