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Blood Supply SA Node

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Q) SA Node is supplied by which artery

a) Right coronary

b) Left coronary

c) Left circumflex

d) Anterior interventricular

Coronary arteries originate from ascending aorta, above the aortic valves from the aortic sinuses. Right coronary artery passes between the right atrial appendage and pulmonary trunk in the atrio ventricular septum and continues as .......................

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COA- Coarctation of Aorta

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Q) Not A complication of untreated coarctation of aorta
a) Endocarditis
b) CVA
c) Congestive heart failure
d) Pulmonary vascular disease

Coarctation of aorta is narrowing that diminishes the aortic lumen and produces an obstruction to the
flow of blood. In untreated patients complications might develop like endocarditis that occur at sites of
turbulent blood flow which is the site of narrowing,..........

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Isotonic fluid

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Q) Isotonic fluid  solution is

A. Half normal saline
B. 1/5th normal saline
C. Ringer lactate
D. Dextrose in Normal saline

 

 

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C 

Ringer lactate and Normal saline are isotonic fluid. they are useful in replacing GI losses. Ringer lactate has a bit of potassium as well.

  1. Ringer Lactate (Correct Answer):
    Ringer lactate is an isotonic solution, meaning its osmolarity (around 273 mOsm/L) is close to that of human blood (around 275-295 mOsm/L). This solution contains electrolytes like sodium, potassium, calcium, and chloride, which helps maintain fluid and electrolyte balance. It's commonly used for fluid replacement in surgical and trauma patients.

  1. A. Half Normal Saline (0.45% NaCl):
    Half normal saline is a hypotonic solution with an osmolarity of about 154 mOsm/L, which is lower than blood osmolarity. It draws water into cells, making it unsuitable for cases where isotonic fluid replacement is needed, as it may cause cellular swelling.
  2. B. 1/5th Normal Saline (0.18% NaCl):
    This solution is also hypotonic, with an even lower osmolarity than half normal saline (around 77 mOsm/L). Its low osmolarity makes it inappropriate for isotonic fluid replacement because it could lead to excessive water entering cells and causing cellular edema.
  3. D. Dextrose in Normal Saline (D5NS):
    D5NS is a hypertonic solution due to the presence of both dextrose and normal saline. The addition of dextrose increases its osmolarity above that of blood. Hypertonic solutions are not suitable for general isotonic fluid replacement because they can cause water to shift out of cells, potentially leading to cellular dehydration.

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