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Spontaneous fistula closure

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Q) Which of the following is an Adverse factor hindering  spontaneous fistula closure:

a) Tract <1cm

b)Transferrin > 200

c) Location in esophagus

d) First surgery done in the same institution

 

a) Tract less than 1 cm

Spontaneous fistula closure

Short-turnover  protein (prealbumin,  retinol-binding  protein,  transferrin)  levels should  be  measured  at  least  weekly  to  assess  the  adequacy of  protein  delivery. An  ongoing  catabolic  state  will adversely  affect  short-turnover  protein  levels,  even  with maximal  protein  delivery.

Failure  of  an  enterocutaneous  fistula  to  close  spontaneously  is associated with acronym FRIENDS): 

the  presence  of  a foreign  body  within  the  tract  or  adjacent  to  it,  previous radiation  exposure  of  the  site,  ongoing  inflammation (most  commonly  from  Crohn  disease)  or  infection  that contributes  to  a  catabolic  state,  epithelialization  of  the fistula  tract  (particularly  if  the  fistula  tract  is  less  than 2  cm  long),  neoplasm,  distal  intestinal  obstruction,  and  pharmacologic  doses  of  steroids. 

Fistulas  associated  with  a concurrent  pancreatic  fistula  also  have  a  low  rate  of  spontaneous  closure,  as  do  those  occurring  in  the  presence  of  malnutrition  or  adjacent  infection.

In general,  anatomic  locations  that  are  favorable  for  closure  are  the  oropharynx,  esophagus,  duodenal  stump,  pancreas,  biliary  tree,  and  jejunum.

Natural Killer cells

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Natural Killer Cells – Surgery MCQ with Answer

Natural Killer Cells – MCQ for Surgery & Immunology

Q) What are natural killer cells?

a) Multinuclear monocytes
b) Special macrophages
c) Antigen presenting cells
d) Large granular lymphocytes


Investigations in lower GI Bleed

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Lower GI Bleed MCQ
Q) Least useful investigation in a patient with recurrent Lower GI bleed, multiple upper and lower GI endoscopies negative?
a) BMFT
b) Double balloon enteroscopy
c) Capsule endoscopy
d) Push endoscopy

Answer: a) BMFT

Investigations in lower GI bleed should be specific and less time consuming.

Small bowel enteroclysis (BMFT), which uses barium and contrast infusion, has a very low yield and is poorly tolerated, hence rarely used.

Capsule endoscopy is excellent for stable patients, with success rates up to 90% in detecting small bowel pathology.
Push enteroscopy can reach 50–70 cm beyond the ligament of Treitz and permits both diagnosis and therapy; success ~40%.
Double-balloon enteroscopy provides complete small bowel evaluation and allows biopsy and therapy, with yield 77–85%.

Therefore, BMFT is the least useful investigation.

Treatment of anal incontinence

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Q) Newest treatment for anal incontinence?
a. Sacral nerve stimulation
b. Artificial sphincter.
c. Repair of sphincter
d. Gluteus maximus graft

More Questions 

Answer a)

Sacral nerve stimulation is the newest modality in treatment for anal incontinence. In it electrodes are placed via the sacral foramina. The nerve supply of anal sphincter is similar to lower extremity so their stimulation can lead to contraction of various foot muscles.

Others are all older methods

Shackelford page 1779

Modified Nissen’s fundoplication

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Q ) Modified Nissen's Fundoplication is 

a) 2700 anterior wrap around esophagus

b) 2400 wrap

c) 3600 wrap over > 52 Fr for 1 – 2 cm

d) 600 wrap over 42 Fr for 4 cm

Answer

c

Nissen fundoplication is complete 360 degree but has high incidence of gas bloat. To counter, this modification done to wrap over 52 F tube for 1-2 cm

Belsey - Left thoracotomy, mobilization of distal esophagus and stomach, hiatus opened from above,  fundus is brought 270 degrees around distal esophagus. Then the whole assembly is brought down and crura is repaired.

Hill procedure - No fundoplication is done

Toupet is anterior fundoplication either 240 degree or 270 degree.

 

Foreign body esophagus

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Q) True about foreign body in esophagus

a) Sharp objects should be operated and not retrieved

b) Lead batteries should be removed

c) Most common impacted foreign bodies are dentures

d) Contrast examination of esophagus should be done before endoscopy

 

Answer

b

Sharp objects can be removed over overtubes and not always require surgery. Lead batteries can corrode and decay in the stomach or intestine and should always be removed. Most common impacted foreign bodies are food boluses above a pathological narrowing and require endoscopic break up

Contrast examination is not always required and might complicate things

Bailey page 991

Siewert classification for GE junction tumors

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Q) According to Siewert classification tumors at GE junction are

a) Type I

b) Type II

c) Type III

d) Type IV

Answer b

Type I   Lower  (center located within between 1-5cm above the anatomic OGJ)

Type II Real GE junction  (within 1cm above and 2cm below the OGJ)

Type III  (2-5cm below OGJ)

This classification has only 3 subtypes

According to the Siewert-Stein classification,

Type I tumour 25% approx

Type II - Most common 49%

Type III was present in 25%

This classification helps in deciding the operative management and unified pre op classification

Types of Surgery

Type I cancer--depending of the size of the tumour--distal 2/3 oesophagectomy with the resection of the proximal lesser curve of the stomach or total gastrectomy  or THE

In patients with types II and III cancers total gastrectomy

More ref 

  1. Radiopedia
  2. Reviews Article

 

Carbon Monoxide poisoning

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Q. Carbon monoxide poisoning true is 

a)  It is having 10 times more affinity than oxygen
b) 60 percent is not deadly.
c) . Concentration above 10% are dangerous and need observation
d)  Concentration above 10% are dangerous and need treatment with pure oxygen for more than 24 hours

d

Option A: Affinity of CO for Hb is 200-250 times that of oxygen. It causes a conformational change in Hb molecule and reduces affinity of Hb for O2, shifting the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve to the left.

Option B: Concentrations less than 10% are usually asymptomatic. Concentrations >60% are fatal. Arterial carboxyhemoglobin level must be obtained because pulse oximetry can be falsely elevated.

Option C: Concentrations above 10 per cent are dangerous and need treatment with pure oxygen for more than 24 hours. Administration of 100% O2 reduces the half-life of CO from 250 minutes in room air to 40 to 60 minutes on 100% oxygen.

Compartment syndrome of limb

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Compartment Syndrome of Limb – Free Surgery MCQ

Q) All are true about compartment syndrome of limb except?

a) Diagnosis is unlikely if pulse is felt distally
b) There is pain on passive stretching of the limb
c) Pain is out of proportion to the signs
d) Muscles of calf and forearm are commonly involved

Strongest layer of the intestine

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Strongest Layer of Intestine MCQ - Surgery Exam Preparation
Q) Which is the strongest layer of the intestine?
a) Mucosa
b) Submucosa
c) Muscularis propria
d) Muscularis mucosa

Answer:

b) Submucosa is the strongest and most important layer for intestinal anastomosis. It has fibroblasts that will ultimately release collagen and hold the anastomosis together. This layer should be fully incorporated in the anastomosis.

Inverted vs everted anastomosis of intestine debate has been long going on, but now many prefer inverted because mucosa is exposed to mucosa and eventually degrades, joining the two submucosa layers together to cause healing by primary intention.

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