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Free MCQs in Surgery

Radiation proctitis

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Q) In radiation proctitis surgery is needed in all except 

a) Pain Abdomen

b) Rectal stricture

c) Haemorrhage

d) Vesical Fistula

Free Question on management of raiation proctiitis 

Ans a, 

In radiation proctitis, surgery is typically indicated for complications that are severe or unmanageable through conservative measures. The options can be considered as follows:

  • A) Pain Abdomen: While abdominal pain can be a symptom associated with radiation proctitis, it is not an indication for surgery on its own. Pain management and other conservative treatments can be employed first.
  • B) Rectal stricture: This can cause significant obstruction and may require surgical intervention to restore normal bowel function.
  • C) Haemorrhage: Severe bleeding due to radiation proctitis may necessitate surgical intervention if it is not controlled by endoscopic or conservative measures.
  • D) Vesical Fistula: The formation of a fistula between the bladder and rectum (vesical fistula) is a serious complication that often requires surgical repair.

Acute Radiation proctitis - Occurs within 6 mths of starting the treatment

Chronic - After 6 mths, Most patients develop symptoms at a median of 8 to 12 months after completion of radiotherapy

Modified Radiation Therapy Oncology Group rectal toxicity scale

Grade 1 Mild and self-limiting Minimal, infrequent bleeding or clear mucus discharge, rectal discomfort not requiring analgesics, loose stools not requiring medications
Grade 2 Managed conservatively, lifestyle (performance status) not affected Intermittent rectal bleeding not requiring regular use of pads, erythema of rectal lining on proctoscopy, diarrhea requiring medications
Grade 3 Severe, alters patient lifestyle Rectal bleeding requiring regular use of pads and minor surgical intervention, rectal pain requiring narcotics, rectal ulceration
Grade 4 Life threatening and disabling Bowel obstruction, fistula formation, bleeding requiring hospitalization, surgical intervention required

Prevention

  1. Use of newer conformal radiation therapy techniques.
  2. Amifostine is a prodrug that is metabolized to a thiol metabolite that is thought to scavenge reactive oxygen species
  3. Placebo-controlled phase III trials have detected no benefit from either topical or oral sucralfate.

Treatment  of radiation proctitis 

Medical

  1. Butyrates
  2. ASA
  3. Sucralfate
  4. Metronidazole
  5. Short chain FA
  6. Topical formalin
  7. Hyperbaric o2

Endoscopic

  1. dilatation
  2. Heater and bipolar cautrey
  3. ND YAG
  4. APC
  5. RFA

Surgery

Diverting ostomies for severe stricture - Better for incontinence, stricture and limited benefit  for bleed

Reconstruction with Flaps -  rectourethral or rectovaginal fistula with a pedunculated gracilis or a Martius flap to facilitate healing by introducing well-vascularized healthy tissue,

Proctectomy  complicated fistulous disease, especially when accompanied by significant pain and incontinence, or in cases of severe and intractable bleeding

Blood supply of CBD

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Q) Supraduodenal  CBD is supplied by all except (AIIMS NOV 18)
a Cystic art
b RHA
c LHA
d Anterosuperior pancreaticoduodenal artery

Ans c

The blood supply to the right and left hepatic ducts and upper portion of the CHD is from the CA and the right and left hepatic arteries.

The supraduodenal bile duct is supplied by arterial branches from the right hepatic, cystic, posterior superior pancreaticoduodenal, and retroduodenal arteries.

arteries to the supraduodenal bile duct run parallel to the duct at the 3 and 9 o’clock positions.

Approximately 60% of the blood supply to the supraduodenal bile duct originates
inferiorly from the pancreaticoduodenal and retroduodenal arteries

whereas 38% of the blood supply originates superiorly from the right hepatic artery and CD artery

Bible of GI Surgery for AIIMS. Get your own Kindle Edition 

Complications of Meckel’s diverticulum

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Q. Least common complication of Meckel's diverticulum is 

a) Bleeding

b) Obstruction

c) Neoplasm

d) Obstruction

While many individuals remain asymptomatic, complications of Meckel's diverticulum can lead to significant clinical issues requiring medical intervention.

Answer is free 

Ans ) c Neoplasm

The most common clinical presentation of Meckel’s diverticulum is gastrointestinal bleeding, which occurs in 25% to 50% of patients who present with complications.

Bleeding is  often due to ulceration of the diverticulum. This bleeding can manifest as painless rectal bleeding

Another potential complication is intestinal obstruction, which can occur if the diverticulum becomes incarcerated or twisted. This situation may lead to bowel ischemia and perforation if not managed quickly.

Intestinal obstruction occur as a result of a volvulus of the small bowel around a diverticulum associated with a fibrotic band attached to the abdominal wall, intussusception, or, rarely, incarceration of the diverticulum in an inguinal hernia (Littre hernia)

Diverticulitis accounts for 10% to 20% of symptomatic presentations.

Neoplasms can also occur in a Meckel’s diverticulum, with NET as the most common malignant neoplasm (77%). Other histologic types include adenocarcinoma (11%), which generally originates from the gastric mucosa, and GIST (10%) and lymphoma (1%).

Complications of Meckel's diverticulum can be recognised and managed early if there is high index of suspicion

Complications of Meckels diverticulum

Acute diverticulitis

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Q) False regarding the management of Acute Diverticulitis, Sigmoid colon inflammation and Fat stranding in CT ?

a) Outpatient treatment in most cases

b) Do a colonoscopy after the resolution of acute symptoms

c) Elective Colectomy to be done

d) IV antibiotics to be started`

The pathogenesis of acute diverticulitis is often attributed to the obstruction of diverticula by fecaliths, leading to increased intraluminal pressure, bacterial overgrowth, and subsequent inflammation or perforation

Answer Free  c

Sigmoid diverticulitis can be complicated and uncomplicated

Complicated means diverticulum associated with abscess, perforation, obstruction, fistula 

This question is about an uncomplicated acute diverticulitis 

It can be managed in outpatient setting

It requires IV antibiotics and diet modification

After resolution of symptoms, colonoscopy is to be done after 6 weeks to rule out the presence of other diverticula and neoplasm

Colectomy is not required in all cases. Current recommendations suggest that the decision for surgery should be individualized, taking into consideration the frequency and severity of recurrences. The patient’s overall medical condition and comorbidities should also be included in the analysis

Questions on colon

Acute diverticulitis

Hyperbaric oxygen therapy for Radiation Proctitis

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Q)  A 60 year old male is contemplating hyperbaric oxygen therapy for  radiation proctitis. Which of the following is not true regarding this?

A. Indicated in acute radiation proctitis but not in subacute or chronic radiation proctitis
B. Oxygen increases the growth of residual tumor and hence tumor should be completely
resected
C. Complications include Parkinsonism, barotrauma
D. Usually 30-40 sessions are required for treatment

Ans  a

This statement is not true because hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBOT) is not only indicated in acute radiation proctitis but can also be beneficial in subacute and chronic radiation proctitis. Studies have shown that HBOT can promote healing in chronic radiation injuries as well.

Hyperbaric oxygen overcomes chronic tissue hypoxia in radiation damaged tissues and with repeated sessions induces growth of regenerative tissue, capillaries, and epithelium. Successful therapy may take multiple sessions. 18 to 60 treatments

HBO treatments for hypoxic wounds are usually delivered at 1.9 to 2.5 atm for sessions of 90 to 120 minutes each. Treatments are given once daily, five to six times per week and should be given as an adjunct to surgical or medical therapies. Clinical evidence of wound improvement should be noted after 15 to 20 treatments.

Complications of HBO therapy are caused by changes in atmospheric pressure and elevated PO2. Middle ear barotrauma, ranging from tympanic membrane hyperemia to eardrum perforation, is the most common complication.

Pneumothorax  brain oxygen toxicity, manifested by convulsions
resembling grand mal seizures; oxygen lung toxicity, resulting from damage from oxygen free radicals to lung parenchyma and airways and ranging from tracheobronchitis to full-blown respiratory distress syndrome; and transient myopia.

Absolute contraindications to HBO therapy are

(1) uncontrolled pneumothorax

(2) current or recent treatment with bleomycin or doxorubicin (potential aggravation of cardiac and pulmonary
toxicity), and

(3) treatment with disulfiram (increases risk of developing oxygen toxicity).

More questions on rectum

 

Pancreatic protocol CT

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Q) All are true about pancreatic protocol CT except (#AIIMS ) 

a) > 90% of un resect able lesions  are picked up by CT

b) It is a dual phase CT with cuts taken at 40 secs and 70 secs

c) Liver metastasis are  detected in early arterial phase

d) All are true

Ans c

Pancreatic protocol CT involves  imaging  at  the  pancreatic  phase (i.e.,  approximately  45  seconds  after  contrast  administration)  and  at  the  portal  venous  phase  (i.e.,  approximately 70  seconds  after  contrast  administration).

It is useful for detection of adenocarcinoma of pancreas. 

Metastatic lesions are seen in  the  portal  venous  phase,  because  the  lesions  are  not  typically  well  vascularized.

 Arterial  phase images  are  principally  used  to  distinguish  metastatic  disease from  benign  vascular  lesions,  such  as  hemangiomas,  or  to  better define  the  arterial  anatomy  of  the  liver.

Non contrast phase used for

Evaluation  of  pancreatic calcifications  and  allows  localization  of  the  precise  levels  for imaging  on  the  post contrast  study. 

Early arterial phase 

Evaluation  of  pancreatic  vasculature  without  interference  from  venous  opacification. 

Late Arterial Phase

 Distinguish pancreatic  neoplasms  from  adjacent  normal   pancreatic  tissue It  also  is useful  to  evaluate  hypervascular  liver  metastases  as  seen  in patients  with  neuroendocrine  tumors   of  the  pancreas. 

Portal Phase

Evaluate  for  hypovascular  liver  metastases 

Ref Blumgart 

The dedicated pancreas protocol uses 750 to 1000 mL of oral water as a negative contrast agent administered before the examination, to aid distinction of enhanced vessels from the
gastrointestinal tract

Blumgart page 345

Free Answer

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UTI Sample

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Q) 45 year old male is having recurrent UTI . Best specimen for culture in UTI
A. Midstream urine at anytime
B. Midstream urine at early morning
C. First voided sample
D. Any urine sample

Answer 

a

In males- midstream urine sample 

 

Disinfectants in Surgery

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Q) All are true about disinfectants in surgery  except
A. Povidone iodine needs to dry up prior to its action
B. Alcohol disinfectants act against all organisms except clostridium difficile
C. Single dose of first generation cephalosporin should be givens prophylaxis for vascular
procedures and bladder catheterisation
D. Chlorhexidine is bactericidal, viricidal, fungicidal, and has rapid onset of action and persistent
duration.

Answer ci

Povidone-iodine solution is used for surgical site preparation, it must be allowed to dry for microbicidal effect. 

Chlorhexidine is  a phenol which is  used in concentrations of 0.5% to 4.0% alone or in lower concentrations in combination with an alcohol as a skin antiseptic. ....

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Contraindication of Left lobe liver transplant

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Q) Absolute contraindication for left lobe LDLT is
A. Trifurcation of the portal vein
B. Bifurcation of portal vein in the right lobe of the liver
C. Aberrant right hepatic artery
D. Right Posterior duct draining into left hepatic duct

ANSWER d

Trifurcation of portal vein is not a contraindication of  left lobe liver transplant  as we will get a single portal vein on the left side

Portal vein trifurcation
Portal vein

Bifurcation of portal vein in right lobe does not matter because we are leaving the right lobe behind

Again right aberrant artery does not matter because that segment is left behind

Right post duct draining into left duct gives rise to two ducts on the left or a single duct which is quite high.

Right posterior duct to left

Retained antrum syndrome

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Q) True about retained antrum syndrome after gastrectomy  are all except? ( # MCQ in  Stomach 11-15) 

a) It is a persistent hypergastrinemic state

b) It is only seen after Billroth II Gastrectomy

c) Technetium labelled food is not helpful in diagnosing this condition

d) Serum gastrin is usually less than 1000 pg/ml

Answer c

 After billroth II gastrectomy, if a cuff of gastric mucosa remains with duodenum, this entity is called as retained antrum syndrome. This cuff of gastric mucosa is cut off from the proximal stomach and inhibitory effect of hormones such as VIP (Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide)  leading to a persistent hypergastrinemic state. ALso this gastric mucosa is continuously bathed by the alkaline contents of duodenum , which further increases the acid formation.

Both Basal and maximal gastric acid outputs increase but it is not as high as seen in zollinger ellison syndrome. Typically less than 1000 pg/ml

This condition can present as recurrent and persistent ulcerations. Technetium scanning is the diagnostic modality of choice. Treatment is re do surgery and antral excision.

Technetium pertechnate imaging has a sensitivity of 73% and specificity of 100%

More about retained antrum syndrome