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High speed injury

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Q) A young 18 years old unrestrained car driver has an head on collision with a truck and becomes unconscious. He is intubated on the site of accident and resuscitated with IV fluids. He is brought to the emergency in a state of shock,( BP 90/60 and pulse 120/min) but opens eyes on commands. On examination he does not have  pallor but neck veins are distended.

There are no signs suggestive of head or spine injury. Xray chest reveals normal cardiac chambers, no free gas and mild pleural effusion on left with no evidence of fracture ribs.

What will be the next step of management

a) Resuscitation and simultaneous CT thorax

b) Resuscitation and simultaneous Echo cardiography

c) Exploratory laparotomy

d) Chest tube drainage left side

Similar Questions -

Ductal carcinoma in situ

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Q) IN RTOG trial for ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) favourable tumor was defined as

a) <3,5 cm in size and 2mm free resection margin

b) <2.5 cm and 2mm margin

c) <3 cm size and 3 mm margin

d) <2.5 cm size and 3 mm margin

Answer - Free answers to surgery mcqs
d

Ductal carcinoma in situ is a pre invasive state in which the cancer cells have not breached the epithelial membrane. It can develop into cancer in 20%.

Simple mastectomy is the standard of care but many centers now consider it over treatment.

Van Nuys system uses

  1. Age of the patient
  2. type of DCIS
  3. presence of microcalcification
  4. Size
  5. resection margin

On mammography this is seen as clustered clustered calcification

Treatment options are 

  1. Mastectomy
  2. Breast conserving therapy (Lumpectomy +radiation and hormonal)

More recently, Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group investigators reported the frst result of a relatively large prospective single-arm study of surgery with negative margins of at least 3 mm without radiation therapy for patients with favorable subsets of DCIS.

 Patients with low-grade or intermediate-grade DCIS measuring 2.5 cm or smaller had a 5-year rate of ipsilateral breast recurrence of only 6.1%. In contrast, patients with high-grade disease had a much higher 5-year ipsilateral breast recurrence rate of 15.3%.

REF : Sabiston 853

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4334775/

 

Complications of Surgery of Aortic aneurysm

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Q) A 68 year old man undergoes repair of infra renal aortic aneurysm. On 2nd POD he has abdominal pain, bloody diarrhea and tachycardia. BP is 120/70. Abdomen is mildly distended and tender especially in the left lower quadrant.

How will you proceed

a) Send stool for clostridium and spores

b) CT Abdomen

c) Exploratory laparotomy

d) Higher antibiotics

Ans b 

Get a contrast CT Abdomen as bowel ischemia is a likely diagnosis 

Incidence of bowel ischemia after repair of aortic aneurysm is around 2-6%. It is because of loss of inferior mesenteric artery artery at the time of surgery and inadequate colonic collaterals. 

Spores and clostridium difficle diarrhea occurs after prolonged antibiotic use. Also there is no bloody diarrhea in it.

Exploratory laparotomy will be required after CT Shows full thickness gangrene and not before

Antibiotic escalation will not help at this stage.

 

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Q) 75 year old man complains of obstipation for 2 days. He has taken laxatives but continues to have worsening pain and distension associated with vomiting. He underwent b/l knee replacement  2 weeks back. He was on Inj fentanyl for pain control. He is on antihypertensives and lipid lowering agents for the past 15 years.

On examination  he is afebrile, oriented, pulse rate of 100 min/, BP 120/60 and abdomen is distended with mild tenderness. There are no signs of peritonitis, bowel sounds are sluggish.

TLC is 6,500, and  potassium is 3.2 . All other blood tests are normal. X ray abdomen and CT abdomen shows dilated large bowel loops and oral contrast upto splenic flexure.

What is the probable diagnosis

a) Ischemic colitis

b) CMV colitis

c) Colonic Pseudoobstruction

d) Caecal volvulus

Answer for premium members

TAPVD

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Q) Total anomalous pulmonary venous drainage (TAPVD) is associated with 

a) Endocardial cushion defect

b) Sinus Venosus ASD

c) Defects in Fossa ovalis

d) Completely separate entity

Answer 

Aortic rupture

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Q) Most common site for traumatic aortic rupture is 

a) Distal to the origin of left subclavian artery

b) Point of entry of aorta above the diaphragm

c) Root of aorta

d) Point distal to Left carotid artery

Answer 

a) Distal to origin of subclavian artery

Traumatic aortic rupture leads to sudden death after high impact automobile accident or fall from height. Aorta is relatively fixed distal to ligament arteriosum just distal to the origin of subclavian artery and this is the most common site of traumatic rupture especially partial rupture in which adventitia is intact.

Specific clinical findings are 

  1. Asymmetry of BP in upper limbs or upper and lower limbs
  2. Widened pulse pressure
  3. Chest wall contusions

Bailey page 355

http://www.msdmanuals.com/professional/injuries-poisoning/thoracic-trauma/aortic-disruption-traumatic

Death in Crohn Disease

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Q. Which of the following is the most  common cause of death in Crohn's disease  of small intestine

 a) Malignancy

b) Sepsis

c) Electrolyte Disorders

d) Thromboembolic Phenomenon