General Surgery

NEET, DNB questions from general surgery

Borrmann’s classification for ca stomach

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Q) According to Borrmann's Classification of Ca stomach Type II is?

a) Fungating

b) Polypoid

c) Ulcerative

d) Infiltrative

Borrmann’s pathologic classification of gastric cancer is  based on gross appearance.

Developed in 1926

Gastric carcinoma is divided into 5 types according to this classification

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Ans  c

Ulcerative with elevated borders

Borrmann’s classification is for advanced gastric tumors. 

It is useful to distinguish between advanced and early gastric tumors because in advanced tumors neo adjuvant therapy improves over all survival.

The gross appearance of advanced gastric carcinomas can be divided into

Type I for polypoid growth or fungating 

Type II for Ulcerated with elevated borders

Type III for ulcerating with invasion of wall

Type IV for diffusely infiltrating growth which is also referred to as linitis plastica 

Type V can not be classified

 

Reno vascular hypertension

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Q) Which of the following is true about reno vascular hypertension

a) Seen in young age group

b) Both kidneys are of same size

c) It is familial

d) Diuretics will control the hypertension

a

Renal artery occlusion creates ischemia of the kidney which releases renin. Hypereninemia leads to secondary hypertension. This further leads to conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II and vasocontriction and eventually release of aldosterone.

It is a disease of young adults and children

Size of the kidneys vary and diuretics do not control hypertension because the mechanism is high renin secretion which is unresponsive to diuretics.

 

Thyroid Questions

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Q) Which of the following thyroid cancers do not take up radio active iodine

a) Medullary carcinoma thyroid

b) Papillary  carcinoma

c) Follicular carcinoma

d) Hurthle cell carcinoma

Neet onco 2020
 Drugs in onco 

a - Medullary carcinoma

Medullary carcinoma of the thyroid is a tumor that arises from the C cells ie the parafollicular cells and not from cells of thyroid follicles.

These are not TSH dependent and hence do not take up radioactive iodine

Hurthle cell carcinoma is a variation of follicular carcinoma only.

In these tumors lymph node involvement is about 60%

Bailey page 769

Endovenous Laser Ablation of varicose veins

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Q) Endovenous Laser Ablation (EVLA) of varicose veins is best suited for patients:

A. With needle phobia
B. With thrombophlebitis
C. With excessive tortuosity of the vein
D. With primary varicose veins

Ans d

EVLA is thermal ablation of varicose veins in which laser  fiber is inserted in the lumen and ablation is done from inside. It is a good modality for primary and recurrent varicose veins and work in both long and short segments.

This treatment is not effective in cases where there is needle phobia or the veins are having excessive tortuousity or thrombophlebitis. This procedure is done under ultrasound guidance and  wire is passed from the superficial to the deep veins.

Tumescent means swollen or distended, typically due to the infiltration of fluid.

  • It refers to the injection of a large volume of dilute local anesthetic solution (usually lidocaine with epinephrine and saline) into subcutaneous tissue.

  • This causes the tissue to swell or become turgid (tumescent).

In procedures like endovenous thermal ablation:

Tumescent solution:

  • Compresses the vein to improve contact with the ablation device.

  • Separates the vein from surrounding structures (like nerves or skin).

  • Acts as a thermal insulator (heat sink) to prevent collateral damage.

Tumescent local anesthesia also helps

  • A. Needle phobia – EVLA requires multiple needle sticks (tumescent anesthesia), making this option inappropriate.

  • B. Thrombophlebitis – Active inflammation or thrombosis is a relative contraindication to EVLA.

  • C. Excess tortuosity – Makes catheter navigation difficult; EVLA is less suitable.

  • D. Primary varicose veins – Ideal candidates, especially with straight vein anatomy and valvular incompetence.

 

High speed injury

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Q) A young 18 years old unrestrained car driver has an head on collision with a truck and becomes unconscious. He is intubated on the site of accident and resuscitated with IV fluids. He is brought to the emergency in a state of shock,( BP 90/60 and pulse 120/min) but opens eyes on commands. On examination he does not have  pallor but neck veins are distended.

There are no signs suggestive of head or spine injury. Xray chest reveals normal cardiac chambers, no free gas and mild pleural effusion on left with no evidence of fracture ribs.

What will be the next step of management

a) Resuscitation and simultaneous CT thorax

b) Resuscitation and simultaneous Echo cardiography

c) Exploratory laparotomy

d) Chest tube drainage left side

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Retroperitonuem tumor

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Q) A 42 year old lady undergoes exploration for a retroperitoneum mass. In OT it is suspected that this is a liposarcoma. Which of the following is  not true about liposarcoma? ( Some MRCS Questions) 

a) Liposarcoma is the most common variant of sarcomas

b) They have a  pseudocapsule

c) They can grow quite large before producing symptoms

d) They are locally invasive and do not metastatize